How will you distinguish between phenol and benzoic acid?

Why does methanal not give aldol condensation while ethanol gives?

Why is benzaldehyde is less reactive than acetaldehyde towards nucleophilic addition reactions?

How are the following conversions carried:
Ethyl chloride to propanoic acid.

Account for the following:
(i) Formaldehyde gives Cannizzaro’s reaction whereas acetaldehyde does not.
(ii) Carboxylic acids do not give characteristic reactions of carbonyl compounds.

Account for the following:
(i)    Chloroacetic acid has higher pKa value than acetic acid.
(ii)    Electrophilic substitution in benzoic acid takes place at meta position.
(iii)   Carboxylic acids have higher boiling points than alcohols of comparable molecular masses.

How would you obtain the following named sources:
(i) Tertiary butyl alcohol from acetone? (ii) Acetone from acetic acid?
Mention conditions for reactions involved.

Explain why O-hydroxy benzaldehyde is a liquid at room temperature while p- hydroxy benzaldehyde is a high melting solid.

420.

Describe the following with an example:
 Aldol condensation