Reproductive Health

In secretory phase during ovulation, the follicle breaks and collapses under the continuous influence of Luteinizing Hormone (LH). It begins to enlarge and forms a yellowish structure, called the corpus luteum. The corpus luteum plays an important role in the preparation of the endometrium for the implantation of the fertilised egg by secreting oestrogens and progesterone.

A = Vas deferens,
B = Seminal vesicle
C = Prostrate 
D = Bulbourethral gland.

The contraceptive pills hormones either in combination or progesterone only that primarily prevent the release of the egg. It is convenient and highly effective, significant non- contraceptive health benefits such as protection against ovarian and endometrial cancers.

A condom is thin rubber sheath for penis that collects semen. It is easy to use effective and inexpensive.

vasectomy is the cutting and tying off ductus deferens. so that sperm cannot enter the ejaculate. 

Copper -T is a small device placed in the uterus that prevents fertilisation or implantation.

During normal menstruation, approximately 40 mL of blood and an additional 35 mL of serous fluid are lost. The menstrual fluid is normally non-clotting because a fibrinolysin is released along with the necrotic endometrial material.

The cause of menopause is burning out of the ovaries. At about age 45 only a few primordial follicles remain to be stimulated by FSH and LH. The oestrogen production falls below a critical value and the gonadotropic hormones (FSH and LH)  are produced regularly from the pituitary so, a there level increase in body.

Serratia marcescens is considered a harmful human pathogen which has been known to cause urinary tract infections, wound infections, and pneumonia. Serratia bacteria also have many antibiotic resistance properties which may become important if the incidence of Serratia infections dramatically increases.

The most used contraceptive product in the united states is the birth control pill. Many combination birth control pills (marketed under various names including ovral, tetragynon and triphasil) are also being used for post-coital contraception. Mifepristone is an antihormone that when taken during the first seven weak of pregnancy in conjunction with a tiny amount of prostaglandin to stimulate uterine contraction induces miscarriage by blocking progesterone's quieting effect on the uterus. 

Even a single dose of thalidomide can cause severe birth defects or fetal death, thalomid (a form of thalidomide) must not be used during pregnancy. Pregnancy must be ruled out 24 hours before starting therapy with thalidomide. Women must be monitored for pregnancy while using thalomid because it can give rise to underdeveloped limbs in fetus.

Syphilis is a sexually transmitted disease or STD. It is caused by Troponema pallidum. The incubation period varies from 10 to 90 days.

Oxytocin (childbirth hormone) secreted by neurohypophysis of pituitary gland stimulates contraction of uterus muscles, including labour pain for child birth, when secretion of progesterone hormone declines, making the end of pregnancy. As the sensory impulse of increasing labour pain reaches hypothalamus, more and more oxytocin is released from posterior pituitary under a positive feedback regulation childbirth, it dilates the cervix (vaginal stretching).

Sonography is a technique to visualise the structures beneath the skin. A transducer is used to recieve soundwave and signals to the skin. The transducer contains the crystals of lead zirconate that convert electric current into sound waves. It also acts as a reciever and converts the echoes into electrical signals which are processed and displayed on the screen of a monitor to show 2-D image.