Short Answer TypeHow did architectural features of Mohenjodaro indicate planning? Support with suitable examples.
Who composed the original story of Mahabharata in oral form? Explain any four elements considered by the historians while analyzing the Mahabharata.
'Buddha laid stress on right conduct and values.' ln the light of the above message, explain his teachings on life.
Buddha’s teaching:
(i) The world is transient and constantly changing; it is also soulless as there is nothing permanent.
(ii) Sorrow is intrinsic to human existence. It is by following the path of moderation between severe penance and self-indulgence that human beings can rise above these worldly troubles.
(iii) In the earliest form of Buddhism existence of god was irrelevant. Buddha regarded the social world as the creation of humans rather than of divine origin. Therefore, he advised kings to be humane and ethical. Individual effort was expected to transform social relations.
(iv) The Buddha emphasised individual agency and righteous action as a means to escape from the cycle of rebirth and attain self-realization and Nibbana.
(v) The extinguishing of the ego and desire would thus end the cycle of suffering.
'By the eleventh century Sufism evolved into a well-developed movement.' Give any two examples.
Domingo Paes has called the Mahanavami Dibba of Vijayanagara Empire as 'The House of Victory'. Justify.
Describe the life led by the forest dwellers during the Mughal era in 16th-17th centuries.
Why was the colonial government keen on mapping of lndian cities from the early years? Give any two reasons.
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