The 9th or sacral vertebra is acoelous and highly specialised the anterior face is convex for this give greater strength them, it would be given if its anterior end are hollowed out the transverse process are stout and downwardly directed. The ileum of the pelvic girdle articulates with the transverse process of 9th vertibrae.

Euspongia is called bath spongia. The sponge are classified on the basis of skeleton which is made up of spongin fibere. After the bath sponge dries only the skeleton is left.

The first phylogenetic system was proposed by Eichler who is famous for his work entitled "Bluthen Diagramme" published in two volumes.

Base+ sugar form a nucleoside and base+ sugar + phosphate group combine together to give a nucleotide.

Cotton is the seed surface fibre of Gossypium. Its processing involves ginning, bailing, picking, lapping, carding and twisting. It is used in textile industry.

RBC in man is anucleated. Nucleated RBCs are found in camel and amphibians (e.g. frog). In frog, RBCs are typically flattened and more or less eliptical in shape but it appears biconvex when seen along its edge. They filled with cytoplasm of faint straw colour and contains a definite round nucleus in centre.

The vital capacity is the maximum amount of air that can be expelled from lungs by forced exhalation after a forced inhalation. It is equal to the sum of tidal volume (TV), inspiratory reserve volume (IRV) and expiratory reserve volume (ERV).
VC= TV+ IRV+ ERV
    = 500 + 3000 + 1100
    =4600 ml

Psammophytes grow in sand and gravel, eremophytes grow in desert and gravel, psilophytes grow in savanna and oxylophytes grow on acidic soil.

Verticillaster consists of biparous cymes ending in uniparous scorpioid cymes on either side e.g. Ocimum and several members of family Labiatae.

Class Phaeophyceae includes brown algae Brown algae are marine plants. Chief pigments found in the members of this class are chlorophyll a and c $\beta$-carotene, violaxanthin, fucoxanthin, lutein, diatoxanthin. Reserve food is laminarin, mannitol and oils.