Urine volume and concentration is regulated through the same processes that regulate blood volume. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) produced by the posterior pituitary gland that increases the amount of water reabsorbed in the distal convulated tubule and collecting duct.

The intermediate ribs 6 and 7 show both pump handle and bucket handle types of movement. Movement of ribs eight to ten results in an outward and upward movement of their anterior ends.

Oxyntic cells or parietal cells are the stomach epithelium cells that secrete gastric acid and intrinsic acid ie, HCl.

Glycosuria is the excretion of glucose into the urine. This is a rare condition in which the kidneys release glucose into the urine. Renal glycosuria can cause urine glucose levels to be high even if blood glucose levels are normal.

The thickness of the muscular wall of the left ventricle is much greater than that of the right because for the right ventricle force is relatively small as the blood goes only to the lungs which are very close to the heart. The left ventricle however, has to develop sufficient force to push blood around all the rest of the body.

Gastrin is a hormone that stimulates secretion of gastric acid (HCl) by the parietal cells of the stomach and aids in gastric motility.

Heparin is a glycosaminoglycan (mucopoly saccharide) with anticoagulant properties, occurring in vertebrate tissues, especially the lungs and blood vessels. Heparin salts are administered therapeutically to prevent or dissolve blood clots.

Dead space is the air that is inhaled by the body in breathing, but does not take part in gas exchange. Not all the air in each breath is able to be used for the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide. About a third of every resting breath is exhaled exactly as it came into the body. In adults, it is usually in the range of 150 mL. In old man, there is low supply of blood to lungs than woman and hence, they have high dead space.Low supply of blood leads to carrying of less air (oxygen). So as increase in dead space.

Bile lowers the surface tension of fat globules causing large drops to break up into tiny droplets (emulsification), enormously increasing surface area and assisting subsequent hydrolysis of fat by lipase.

Cardiac cycle is the sequence of events that occurs in the heart during one full heart beat. These events comprise contraction (systole) and relaxation (diastole) of the chambers of the heart, associated with opening and closing of the heart valves. At a resting heart rate, the human cardiac cycle lasts approximately 0.85 second, ie, 0.8 seconds.