Flavr savr variety of tomato is a transgenic crop. It is genetically engineered tomatoes, which express delayed softening by insertion of an additional copy of PG encoding gene. PG is polygal-acturonase enzyme, which is responsible for the break down of cell wall pectin.

Mendel enunciated three major principles of inheritance, i.e., law of dominance, law of segregation and law of independent assortment.

The two alternative form of a gene are called alleles, e.g., the allele for tallness is T and that of dwarfness is t and dominant allele is expressed in hybrid.

Parents-                       RR        x            rr

Gametes-                      R         x            r

F₁ generation-                          Rr

F₂ generation-                

$\therefore$Red : White = 3 : 1

Some of the codon like UAA, UAG, UGA cannot select any amino acid and are called chain termination codons or non-sense codons.

Scutellum is the tissue in a grass or wheat or maize seed that lies between the embryo and the endosperm. It is the modified cotyledon being specialised for the digestion and absorption of the endosperm.

Decomposers are heterotrophic organisms, mostly bacteria and fungi, which live on dead organic matter or detritus. They release different enzymes from their bodies into the dead and decaying plant and animal remains, lead to the release of simple inorganic substances thus, play an important role in the cycling of minerals.

Vital index represents the percentage ratio between natality (birth rate) and mortality (death rate). It can be calculated by the following formula

Vital index = $\frac{\mathrm{Natality} }{\mathrm{Mortality}}\times 100$

The energy level in a trophic level is not determined by considering individuals of a species in that trophic level.