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Organic Chemistry – Some Basic Principles and Techniques

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Organic Chemistry – Some Basic Principles and Techniques

Discuss the shape of ethane molecule.

In ethane molecule, both the carbon atoms are in sp³ hybrid state. In its formation, one hybrid orbital of one carbon atom overlaps with one sp³ hybrid of second carbon atom along the internuclear axis to form a sigma (σ;) C – C bond. The remaining three sp³ hybrid orbitals of each carbon atom overlap with Is orbital of hydrogen atom axially to form six sigma C – H bonds.

The length of C – C bond in ethane is 154 pm (or 1.54 Å) and that of each C – H bond is 109 pm (or 1.09 Å).

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Discuss the shape of ethylene (first member of alkenes).

In ethene molecule, each carbon atom undergoes sp² hybridisation. One sp² hybrid orbital of one carbon atom overlaps axially with one sp² hybrid orbital of the other carbon atom to form sigma (σ;) C – C bond. The other two sp² hybrid orbitals of each carbon atom overlap axially with Is orbital of the hydrogen atom to form sigma (σ;) C – H bonds. The unhybridised p-orbitals of the two carbon atoms overlap sidewise with each other to form a weak

bond, The

bond consists of two

electron clouds which lie above and below the plane of carbon and hydrogen atoms.

Thus, ethylene molecule consists of four sigma C – H bonds, one sigma C – C bond and one

; the bond between carbon-carbon atom. The bond length of carbon-carbon double bond of ethylene is 134 pm (1.34 Å).

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Write the state of hybridisation of carbon in the following compounds and shapes of each of the molecules:
(a) H₂C = O, (b) CH₃F, (c) HC = N.

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Discuss the shape of methane molecule.

In methane molecule, carbon atom undergoes sp³ hybridisation. Each sp³ hybrid orbital overlaps with Is orbital of hydrogen atom along the internuclear axis to form σ; bond each.
In this type

The four C – H bonds are directed towards the four corners of a regular tetrahedron. So methane has a tetrahedral structure. Each H – C – H bond angle is of 109° – 28'. Each C –H bond length is 109 pm (1.09 Å).

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