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Organic Chemistry – Some Basic Principles and Techniques

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Organic Chemistry – Some Basic Principles and Techniques

In the isomers of C₆H₁₄, indicate primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary carbon atoms.

The primary (1°), secondary (2°), tertiary (3°) and quaternary (4°) carbon atoms may be indicated as:

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Define Position isomerism and Functional isomerism.

Position isomerism: When the same molecular formula represents two or more compounds which differ in the position of the same functional group, then such compounds are called position isomers and the phenomenon is called position isomerism. For example,

Functional isomerism: When the same molecular formula represents two or more compounds which differ in the presence of different functional groups, then such compounds are called functional isomers and the phenomenon is called functional isomerism. For example.

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Define metamerism and tautomerism.

Metamerism: Compounds having the same molecular formula but a different number of carbon atoms (or alkyl groups) on either side of the functional group (i.e.– O –, – S – CO – NH–) are called metamers and the phenomenon is called metamerism. For example, ethoxyethane and 1-methoxy propane represent a pair of metamers.

Pentan-2-one and pentan-3-one represent a pair of metamers.

Tautomerism: It arises due to 1, 3-migration of a hydrogen atom from one polyvalent atom to the other within the same molecule. Isomers thus obtained which exist in dynamic equilibrium with each other are called tautomers and the phenomenon is called tautomerism.
Out of several types of tautomerism, keto-enol tautomerism is the most important. In this isomerism, the tautomers differ from each other in the point of attachment of a hydrogen. For example, propanone exists as a tautomeric mixture of two forms, the keto form and the enol form, which differ in the point of attachment of a hydrogen.

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What do you mean by nomenclature of aliphatic hydrocarbons?

The commonly adopted systems for naming organic compounds are:
(i) Common or Trivial system: In this system, the name of the organic compound is based on its origin/ history or some property. Though common names are short and easy to remember, yet a particular compound may be given a number of names. e.g. methyl alcohol is named wood-spirit because it is obtained by destructive distillation of wood.

2. IUPAC system: This is the best system for naming the aliphatic organic compounds. To evolve a systematic method of nomenclature, the international group of chemists have several conferences and recommended the most definite set of organic nomenclature rules called International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry rules (IUPAC rules). In the IUPAC system, name of organic compound consists of three parts:

(i) Word root (ii) Prefix (iii) Suffix.

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Explain the following with suitable examples:
(i) Word root (ii) Prefix (iii) Suffix

(i) Word root:The word root represents the number of the carbon atoms present in the chain. Depending upon the number of carbons in the longest chain, the compound is assigned a word root as:

Chain length	Word root	Chain length	Word root
C₁	Meth	C₆	Hex
C₂	Eth	C₇	Hept
C₃	Prop	C₈	Oct
C₄	But	C₉	Non
C₅	Pent	C₁₀	Dec

(ii) Prefix. There are many groups (called substituents) which are not regarded as functional groups in the IUPAC names of a compound. These are called prefixes. These are put before the word root. Some of the prefixes are given below:

(iii) Suffix: The word root is linked to suffix which may be primary followed by secondary.
(a) Primary suffix: A primary suffix is added after the word root to indicate the nature of carhon-carhon bonds. These are piven below:

Nature of bond	Primary suffix	General name
C–C single bond	–ane	Alkane
C = C double bond	–ene	Alkene
C≡ C triple bond	–yne	Alkyne

(b) Secondary suffix: A secondary suffix is added after the primary suffix to indicate the nature of the functional group. These are given below:

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Organic Chemistry – Some Basic Principles and Techniques

Define metamerism and tautomerism.