11.

Why is the period from 1989 to 2014 called an era of coalition governments in India?

Justify the abolition of Privy Purpose for bringing about economic equality.

Why should popular moments not be discouraged?

Mention any four political parties of India which participated in the first three general elections.

Describe any four issues of conflict between India and China.

Highlight any two negative outcomes of the coalition governments.

How far do movements and protests in a country strengthen democracy?

Justify the constitution of States Reorganisation Commission under the circumstance prevailing at the time.

Read the given passage carefully and answer the following questions:

On the eve of Independence, India had before it, two models of modern development: the liberal – capitalist model as in much of Europe and the U.S. and the socialist model as in the U.S.S.R. There were many in India then who were deeply impressed by the Soviet model of development. These included not just the leaders of the Communist Party of India, but also those of the Socialist Party and leaders like Nehru within the Congress. There were very few supporters of the American style capitalist development.

(i) Differentiate between the two models of modern development under consideration before independent India.

(ii) Which model of development did India adopt and why?

(iii) Why did very few Indian leaders support the capitalist model?

Study the passage given below and answer the questions that follow:

Indira Gandhi had emerged as a towering leader with tremendous popularity. This was also the period when party competition became bitter and polarized. This period also witnessed tensions in the relationship between the government and the judiciary. The Supreme Court found many initiatives of the government to be violative of the Constitution. The Congress party took the position that this stand of the Court was against the principles of democracy and parliamentary supremacy. The Congress also alleged that the Court was a conservative institution and it was becoming an obstacle in the way of implementing pro-poor welfare programmes. The parties opposed to the Congress felt that politics was becoming too personalized and that governmental authority was being converted into personal authority.

(i) Which two achievements of Indira Gandhi as the Prime Minister made her a towering leader with tremendous popularity?

(ii) Identify any one initiative of the government which was found unconstitutional by the Supreme Court.

(iii) Highlight the pro-poor welfare programme which the Congress wanted to implement.