21.

A child reasons 'You do this for me and I'll do that for you.' In which stage of Kohlberg's moral reasoning would this child fall?

• The 'good boy-good girl' orientation

• The social-contract orientation

• The instrumental purpose orientation

• The punishment and obedience orientation

Progressive education

• is based on the principles of conditioning and reinforcement

• is centered around textbooks since they are the only valid source of knowledge

• reaffirms the belief that the teacher has to be firm in her approach and in today's world children cannot be taught without using punishment

• lays strong emphasis on problem solving and critical thinking

Questions encouraging students to voice their individual opinions on issues and reflections while giving reasons for the same, promote

• standardized assessment of children

• analytical and critical thinking

• convergent thinking

• recall of information

Which one of the following statements best sums up the relationship between development and learning?

• Development is independent of learning

• Learning trails behind development

• Learning and development are synonymous terms

• Learning and development are inter-related in a complex manner

Which one of these is not a principle of development?

• Development is modifiable

• Development is governed and determined by culture alone

• Development is life-long

• Development is influenced by both heredity and environment

A key feature of a child-centered classroom is that in which

• the teacher's role is to present the knowledge to be learned and to assess the students on standard parameters

• the students with the teacher's guidance are made responsible for constructing their own understanding

• there's coercive and psychological control of the teacher who determines the learning trajectory and the behaviour of the children

• the teacher lays down uniform ways of behaviour for children and gives them appropriate rewards when they do the same

Which one of the following statements is most appropriate about intelligence?

• Intelligence can be reliably determined only by administering standardized IQ tests

• Intelligence is fundamentally neurological functioning, for example speed of processing, sensory discrimination etc.

• Intelligence is the ability to do well in school

• Intelligence is multi-dimensional having several aspects to it

Gender bias refers to

• genetic differences that exist between boys and girls

• perception of self as relatively feminine and masculine in characteristics

• acknowledgement of differences between boys and girls due to their physiology

• differential treatment of boys and girls based on expectations due to cultural attitudes

As an upper primary school teacher, you have quite a few children who are 'first generation school-goers in your classroom. Which one of the following are you most likely to do?

• Provide scaffolding and other kinds of support during classroom activities and for homework

• Give them homework of memorising and copying the answers in their notebooks five times

• Tell the children that they do not have the capability to study further and they should now help their parents at work

• Call the parents and gently ask them to enroll their children for tuition

Even children of the same age vary greatly in appearance, abilities, temperament, interests, aptitude amongst other things.

What is the role of the school in this regard?

• Lay down normative standards of assessment for children

• Ensure that the teacher uses standardized instruction and textbooks

• Ensure that all children develop in the same manner

• Ensure that each child gets opportunities to develop as per her potential