21.

Meaningful learning is

• imitation of adults and more able peers

• pairing and association between the stimulus and the response

• passive receiving of the given information

• active creation of knowledge structures from personal experience

Which of the following is not one of the primary tasks of a teacher for effective student learning?

• Knowing the concepts that students bring to the classroom

• Transmitting information to the students in a didactic manner

• Requiring students to respond to higher-order questioning

• Teaching students how to monitor and improve their own learning by effort

Which of the following statements about principles of development is incorrect?

• Development takes place due to a constant interaction between heredity and environment

• Development depends on maturation and learning

• Every child goes through stages of development, yet there are wide individual differences among children

• Development is a quantitative process which can be measured precisely

The unique interaction of ................ and ................ can result in different paths and outcomes of development.

• heredity, environment

• challenges, limitations

• stability, change

• exploration, nutrition

Which of the following is true of school and socialisation?

• School does not play any role in socialisation

• School is an important agent of socialisation

• School plays very little role in socialisation

• School is the first primary agent of socialisation

Which of the following statements is correct about Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development?

• Piaget has proposed five distinct stages of cognitive development

• Piaget argues that instead of progressing through stages, cognitive development is continuous

• The stages are invariant which means that no stage can be skipped

• The sequence of the stages can vary according to the cultural context of children

The concept of conservation as proposed by Jean Piaget means that

• certain physical properties remain the same even when outward appearances change

• it is important to protect wildlife and forests

• one can arrive at the correct conclusion by systematically testing hypothesis

• taking the perspective of others into consideration is an important cognitive ability

Match the following in the light of Howard Gardner's theory of Multiple Intelligence

• A B C D $\to$ (ii) (iv) (i) (v)

• A B C D $\to$(v) (ii) (iv) (i)

• A B C D $\to$(iv) (ii) (i) (v)

• A B C D $\to$(iv) (ii) (v) (iii)

According to Lev Vygotsky

• language development changes the nature of human thought

• interaction with adults and peers does not influence language development

• culture plays a very small role in language development

• children learn language through a language acquisition device

Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral reasoning has been criticised on several counts.
Which of the following statements is correct in the context of this criticism? 

• Kohlberg has duplicated Piaget's methods of arriving at his theoretical framework

• Kohlberg has not given typical responses to each stage of moral reasoning

• Kohlberg's theory does not focus on children's responses

• Kohlberg has based his study primarily on a male sample