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31. What is brood parasitism ? Give an example.

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Parasites have developed adaptations like :

1. Loss of unnecessary sense organs.

2. Presence of hooks/adhesive organs and suckers.

3. Loss of digestive system and high reproductive capacity.

4. They have become host specific and co-evolve with the host to counteract the mechanisms by which the host resists it.

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33. Define mutualism. Give examples.

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34. Describe the phenomenon of parasitism.

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35. Describe the phenomenon of commensalism with an example of commensal between an orchid growing as an epiphyte on a mango branch.

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36. Describe the phenomenon of mutualism with the example of lichen.

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37. What is immigration and emigration ?

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38. Explain Gause’s competitive exclusion principle.

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39. How is diapause different from hibernation ?

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40. What do you understand by resource partitioning.

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