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Organisms and Populations

Short Answer Type

31. What is brood parasitism ? Give an example.

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32. List a few adaptations which parasites have developed.

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Long Answer Type

33. Define mutualism. Give examples.

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Short Answer Type

34. Describe the phenomenon of parasitism.

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35. Describe the phenomenon of commensalism with an example of commensal between an orchid growing as an epiphyte on a mango branch.

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36. Describe the phenomenon of mutualism with the example of lichen.

Mutualism is the interaction between two species in which both are benefited from each other. Lichens is an example of mutualism between algae and fungus . The core of lichen is formed of green algal cells (about 95%) which photosynthesize the food for themselves and also for the fungus. The fungal hyphae (about 5%) form a protective cover around the algal cells. These also provide moisture and minerals to the algal cells.

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