Short Answer TypeWhy can’t modern democracies exist without political parties? Explain any three reasons.
Explain the three steps taken by the different authorities to reform political parties and their leaders in India.
“Democracy is seen to be good in principle but felt to be not so good in practice.” Support the statement with an argument.
Long Answer TypeNapoleon had, no doubt, destroyed democracy in France, but in the administrative field he had incorporated revolutionary principles in order to make the whole system more rational and efficient. Support the statement.
OR
The division of Vietnam set in motion a series of events that turned the country into a battlefield. Support the statement.
Napoleon Bonaparte incorporated revolutionary principles in administrative field in order to make the whole system more rational and efficient.
(i) The Civil Code of 1804- usually known as the Napoleonic Code- did away with all privileges based on birth, established equality before the law and secured the right to property.
(ii) Napoleon simplified administrative divisions, abolished the feudal system and freed peasants from serfdom and manorial dues.
(iii) In the towns too, guild restrictions were removed. Transport and communication system were improved.
(iv) Peasants, artisans, workers and new businessmen enjoyed a new-found freedom.
(v) Uniform laws, standardised weight and measures and a common national currency were introduced
OR
The division of Vietnam set in motion a series of events that turned the country into a battlefield. In the peace negotiations in Geneva that followed the French defeat, the Vietnamese were persuaded to accept the division of the country. Ho Chi Minh and the communists took power in the north while Bao Dai’s regime was put in power in the south.
(i) The Bao Dai regime was soon overthrown by a coup led by Ngo Dinh Diem. Diem built a repressive and authoritarian government. Anyone who opposed him was called a communist and was jailed and killed.
(ii) Diem retained Ordinance 10, a French law that permitted Christianity but outlawed Buddhism. His dictatorial rule came to be opposed by a broad opposition united under the banner of the National Liberation Front (NLF).
(iii) With the help of the Ho Chi Minh government in the north, the NLF fought for the unification of the country.
(iv) The US was worried about communists gaining power, thus decided to intervene decisively, sending in troops and arms.
How did people and the colonial government react to the Civil Disobedience Movement? Explain.
How are some countries of the world facing the ‘challenge of expansion of democracy’? Explain with examples.
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