Short Answer TypeWhy can’t modern democracies exist without political parties? Explain any three reasons.
Explain the three steps taken by the different authorities to reform political parties and their leaders in India.
“Democracy is seen to be good in principle but felt to be not so good in practice.” Support the statement with an argument.
Long Answer TypeNapoleon had, no doubt, destroyed democracy in France, but in the administrative field he had incorporated revolutionary principles in order to make the whole system more rational and efficient. Support the statement.
OR
The division of Vietnam set in motion a series of events that turned the country into a battlefield. Support the statement.
How did people and the colonial government react to the Civil Disobedience Movement? Explain.
Gandhi found in salt a powerful symbol that could unite the nation. He ceremonially violated the salt law and launched a civil disobedience movement in 1930.
Peoples’ reaction−Thousands from different parts of the country broke the salt law, manufactured salt and demonstrated in front of the government salt factories. As the movement spread, foreign cloth was boycotted, and liquor shops were picketed. Peasants refused to pay revenue and chaukidari taxes, village officials resigned, and in many places forest people violated forest laws − going into Reserved Forests to collect wood and graze cattle.
Government’s reaction − The colonial government began arresting the Congress leaders one by one. Abdul Ghaffar Khan, a devout disciple of Mahatma Gandhi, was arrested in April 1930. The government made the angry crowd face the armoured cars and police firing. Many were killed. When the industrial workers of Sholapur attacked police posts protesting against Gandhi's imprisonment, the government responded with a policy of brutal repression. Peaceful Satyagrahis were attacked and about 100,000 people were arrested.
How are some countries of the world facing the ‘challenge of expansion of democracy’? Explain with examples.
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