23.

Differentiate mechanically between walking and running. Explain in detail mechanical analysis of walking.

In running a time comes when both the feet are off the ground
which is called float phase, while in walking one foot is always
in contact with the ground.

The mechanical analysis of walking helps to improve the techniques of players and it also instrument for better performance.
1. Mechanical Analysis of Walking divided into two phases :-
Stance phase is the Period, when the foot is on the ground. It is
considered that it consists of maximum percentage of walking
cycle. For the part of stance phase. Both the feet have a contact
with the ground for a period of time. The stance phase of walking
is divided into five stages.
Heel strike:- This stage begins when the feet first touche the
ground and continuous until the complete foot is on the ground
i.e. early flat foot stage.
 Early Flat Foot:- The starting of this stage is that movement
when the complete foot is on the ground and early flat foot stage occurs when the body’s centre of gravity passes over the top of the foot. The centre of gravity of the body is locate approx. in the pelvic area of the lower spine while walking. The main puppose of this stage is to allow the foot to act as a shock absorber.

 Late Flat Foot:- An athlete comes into late flat foot stage when his body’s centre of gravity passes in front of ‘neutral’ position.This stage lasts when the heel lifts of the gorund. During this stage the foot needs to go from being a shock absorber to being a rigid lever which can help to people the body in forward direction.

 Heel Rise:- This stage starts when the heel begins to leaves the ground. The foot functions are a rigid lever to move the body in forward direction. During this stage of walking, the ground forces
that go through the foot are very significant.

Toe-off : - When the toes leave the ground completely. This stage
continous untill the beginning of swing phase.
2. Swing Phase:- It occurs when one foot is on the ground and
other one is in the air swing phase in walking is than the stance
phase. It is divided into three phase.

 Initial swings:- This phase sees the hip extended to 10O and
then going onto flexion and knee flexed to 40-60O and the Ankle
changing it’s position from the flexion to neutral.

 Mid Swing:- This phase see the hip extended to 30O the knee
flexion till 60O and extended approx to 30O and ankle become
dorsiflexed.

 Terminal Swing:- This phase is the hip flexed till 30O and knee
is locked extension and foot changes its position from dorisflexed
to neutral.