Short Answer Type
, where 
is the electric flux produced during charging of the capacitor plates.
Explain the terms (i) Attenuation and (ii) Demodulation used in Communication System.
, where V is the is accelerating potential for two particles A and B, carrying the same charge but different masses m1 and m2 (m1 > m2). Which one of the two represents a particle of smaller mass and why? 
(a) Explain any two factors that justify the need of modulating a low-frequency signal.
(b) Write two advantages of frequency modulation over amplitude modulation.
i) The function of three segments of a transistor are:
Emitter: Emits the majority charge carriers
Collector: Collects the majority charge carriers
Base: Base provides the interaction between the collector and the base
ii) An n-p-n transistor is as shown below: 
Input characteristics: The variation between the base current and the base-emitter voltage is obtained. Input characteristics is used to find input dynamic resistance of the transistor as it is represented by the slope.
Output characteristics: A graph representing the variation of the collector current and emitter voltage is obtained, keeping base current fixed. The slope fo the output characteristic graph gives us the output dynamic resistance.
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