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Reporter gene can be used to monitor the transformation of cells by foreign DNA. The foreign gene is linked to the DNA construct that is incorporated into the host. The reporter gene when expressed gives signals that the cell has transformed. These are often used as an indication of whether a certain gene has been taken up by or expressed in the cell or organism population. For example green fluorescent protein (GFP) used as a reporter gene causes cells that express it to glow green under blue light thus indicating the transformation of the cell by the foreign DNA.

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DNA recombination takes place during the pachytene stage of the prophase-I of Meiosis-I.

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Recombinant Protein		Therapeutic Use
1. Insulin  2. Human Growth Hormone 3. Interferons alpha 4. Recombinant Clotting factor VIII 5. Anti thrombin III 6. Erythropoietin 7. DNase I 8. Interleukin 2 9. Granulocyte macrophage Colony stimulating factor 10. Bovine growth hormone		1. For the treatment of insulin dependent diabetes 2.For the treatment of dwarfism  3.For treating hepatitis C 4.For treating haemophilia 5.For prevention of blood clots 6.For treatment of Anaemia 7.For treating Cystic Fibrosis 8.For treatment of cancers 9.For treating cancer  10.For increasing milk yield.

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(a) Origin of replication (Ori).
1. It is a specific sequence of DNA bases, which  initiates replication.A prokaryotic DNA has normally a single oringin of replication, while eukaryotic DNA may have more than one. This sequence controls the copy number of linked DNA. An alien DNA for replication should be linked to the origin of replication

(b) Bioreactor are vessels in which raw materials are biologically converted into specific products using microbial, plant or human cells. It provides optimal conditions for achieving the desired product by providing optimum growth conditions, pH, substrate salts, vitamins, oxygen, etc.

(c) Downstream processing.are the series of processes which a genetically modified product undergoes before it is ready to be marketed. It generally involves processes like  separation and  purification.