Short Answer TypeRecombination DNA technology is of great importance in the field of medicine. With the help of a flow chart, show how this technology has been used in preparing genetically engineered human insulin.
Following the collision of two trains a large number of passengers are killed. A majority of them are beyond recognition. Authorities want to hand over the dead to their relatives. Name a modern scientific method and write the procedure that would help in the identification of kinship.
DNA fingerprinting is the modern scientific method used for the identification of kinship. Variable Number of Tandem Repeats (VNTR) are satellite DNAs that show high degree of polymorphism. They are used as probes in DNA fingerprinting.
Procedure of DNA Fingerprinting:
i. Firstly, DNA from the individual and closest relative is isolated and cut with restriction endonucleases.
ii. Fragments are separated according to their size and molecular weight through gel electrophoresis of both the individual and the relative.
iii. Fragments separated through electrophoresis gel are blotted (immobilised) on a synthetic membrane such as nylon or nitrocellulose.
iv. Immobilised fragments are hybridized with a VNTR probe.
v. Hybridised DNA fragments can be detected by autoradiography. The autoradiograph of the individual and the relative is compared.
VNTRs vary in size, ranging from 0.1 to 20 kb. Hence, in the autoradiogram, a band of different sizes will be obtained. These bands are characteristics of an individual. They are different in each individual, except in the case of identical twins. The presence of similarities, between the individual and the relative helps to determine the kinship.
Hence the body of the individual can be handed over to their relatives.
(a) Mention the difference in the mode of action of exonuclease and endonuclease.
(b)How does restriction endonuclease function?(a) Why are transgenic animals so called?
(b) Explain the role of transgenic animals in
(i) Vaccine safety
(ii) Biological products with the help of an example each.
(a) State the role of DNA ligase in biotechnology.
(b) What happens when Meloidegyne incognitia consumes cells with RNAi gene?Explain the work carried out by Cohen and Boyer that contributed immensely in biotechnology.
Name the genes responsible for making Bt cotton plants resistant to bollworm attack. How do such plants attain resistance against bollworm attacks? Explain.
Given below is the representation of amino acid composition not the relevant translated portion of β-chain of hemoglobin, related to the shape of human red blood cells. 
(a) Is this representation indicating a normal human or a sufferer from certain related genetic disease? Give reason in support of your answer.
(b) What difference would be noticed in the phenotype of the normal and the sufferer related to this gene?
(c) Who are likely to suffer more from the defect related to the gene represented the males, the females or both males and females equally? And why?Draw a schematic sketch of pBR 322 plasmid and label the following in it:
(a) Any two restriction sites.
(b) Ori and rop genes.
(c) An antibiotic resistant gene.
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