Short Answer TypeRecombination DNA technology is of great importance in the field of medicine. With the help of a flow chart, show how this technology has been used in preparing genetically engineered human insulin.
Following the collision of two trains a large number of passengers are killed. A majority of them are beyond recognition. Authorities want to hand over the dead to their relatives. Name a modern scientific method and write the procedure that would help in the identification of kinship.
(a) Mention the difference in the mode of action of exonuclease and endonuclease.
(b)How does restriction endonuclease function?(a) Why are transgenic animals so called?
(b) Explain the role of transgenic animals in
(i) Vaccine safety
(ii) Biological products with the help of an example each.
(a) State the role of DNA ligase in biotechnology.
(b) What happens when Meloidegyne incognitia consumes cells with RNAi gene?Explain the work carried out by Cohen and Boyer that contributed immensely in biotechnology.
Name the genes responsible for making Bt cotton plants resistant to bollworm attack. How do such plants attain resistance against bollworm attacks? Explain.
The Bt toxin is encoded by the cry gene. The cry I AC and cry II Ab control cotton bollworms, while the cry I-Ab controls corn borer. Bt gene produces Bt toxin. This toxin provides resistance to plants against lepidopteron, coleopterans and dipterans pests.
An example is Bt cotton, in which the gene from the bacterium that encodes for the toxin is incorporated. The activated Bt toxin binds to the surface of the midgut epithelium of the insects and causes swelling and cell lysis, which eventually leads to the death of the insects.
In the process of producing insect-resistant crops, specific Bt toxin genes are isolated from B.thuringiensis, and incorporated into the crops. Since these toxins are insect specific, they do not harm the crops or humans.Given below is the representation of amino acid composition not the relevant translated portion of β-chain of hemoglobin, related to the shape of human red blood cells. 
(a) Is this representation indicating a normal human or a sufferer from certain related genetic disease? Give reason in support of your answer.
(b) What difference would be noticed in the phenotype of the normal and the sufferer related to this gene?
(c) Who are likely to suffer more from the defect related to the gene represented the males, the females or both males and females equally? And why?Draw a schematic sketch of pBR 322 plasmid and label the following in it:
(a) Any two restriction sites.
(b) Ori and rop genes.
(c) An antibiotic resistant gene.
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