Short Answer TypeRecombination DNA technology is of great importance in the field of medicine. With the help of a flow chart, show how this technology has been used in preparing genetically engineered human insulin.
Following the collision of two trains a large number of passengers are killed. A majority of them are beyond recognition. Authorities want to hand over the dead to their relatives. Name a modern scientific method and write the procedure that would help in the identification of kinship.
(a) Mention the difference in the mode of action of exonuclease and endonuclease.
(b)How does restriction endonuclease function?(a) Why are transgenic animals so called?
(b) Explain the role of transgenic animals in
(i) Vaccine safety
(ii) Biological products with the help of an example each.
(a) State the role of DNA ligase in biotechnology.
(b) What happens when Meloidegyne incognitia consumes cells with RNAi gene?Explain the work carried out by Cohen and Boyer that contributed immensely in biotechnology.
Name the genes responsible for making Bt cotton plants resistant to bollworm attack. How do such plants attain resistance against bollworm attacks? Explain.
Given below is the representation of amino acid composition not the relevant translated portion of β-chain of hemoglobin, related to the shape of human red blood cells. 
(a) Is this representation indicating a normal human or a sufferer from certain related genetic disease? Give reason in support of your answer.
(b) What difference would be noticed in the phenotype of the normal and the sufferer related to this gene?
(c) Who are likely to suffer more from the defect related to the gene represented the males, the females or both males and females equally? And why?(a) This representation is of a normal person because in a normal person the mRNA contains the codon GAG at 6th position which codes for glutamic acid .
(b) In a sufferer, the codon GAG is replaced by GUG at the 6th position in the mRNA. Hence, during translation of the defective mRNA, Glutamic acid is replaced by Valine.
(c) The disease represented by the defect in the given gene is sickle-cell anaemia which is an autosomal recessive trait. This disease is transmitted to the progeny when both the parents are carriers for the disease (heterozygous). Since it is an autosomal recessive trait both males and females are equally at risk to develop the disease.
Draw a schematic sketch of pBR 322 plasmid and label the following in it:
(a) Any two restriction sites.
(b) Ori and rop genes.
(c) An antibiotic resistant gene.
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