Ecosystem services are the products of ecosystem processes. Forests are the major source of ecosystem services and are
prerequisite for environmental, aesthetic goods and indirect economic values in the following ways:
1. Environmental Values
(i) Carbon-fixation Huge amount of CO2 in the atmosphere is removed naturally and fixed by plants into organic
molecules and energy through photosynthesis. All the other trophic levels, i.e. consumers depend upon this
energy produced by them.
(ii) Release of oxygen by the producers as a byproduct in the process of photosynthesis, improves the air quality
and supports life on earth.
(iii) Soil Soil formation and soil protection are the major ecosystem services accounting for nearly 50% of their total
worth. Plant cover protects the soil from drastic changes in temperature. There is little wind or water erosion as
soil particles are not exposed to them. The soil remains spongy and fertile. There are not landslides and no floods.
(iv) Nutrient cycling There is no depletion of nutrients, but the same are repeatedly circulated.
2. Economic Value
(i) Ecosystem services provide certain economical important products also. These include timber, paper, rubber,
wax, medicines, cosmetics, resins, etc.
(ii) Ecosystem also provides other benefits such as aid in pollination. Bees and other insects of natural ecosystem visit
nearby farmlands to pollinate crops.
3. Other aesthetic values Natural ecosystems are a source of spiritual, cultural and aesthetic values.