Short Answer Type(a) What do 'Y' and 'B' stand for in 'YAC' and 'BAC' used in Human Genome Project (HGP). Mention their role in the project.
(b) Write the percentage of the total human genome that codes for proteins and the percentage of discovered genes whose functions are known as observed during HGP.
(c) Expand 'SNPs' identified by scientists in HGP.
Long Answer Type(a) Name the stage in the cell cycle where DNA replication occurs.
(b) Explain the mechanism of DNA replication. Highlight the role of enzymes in the process.
(c) Why is DNA replication said to be semiconservative ?
Short Answer TypeDescribe the experiment that helped demonstrate the semi-conservative mode of DNA replication
Long Answer Type(a) How are the following formed and involved in DNA packaging in a nucleus of a cell?
(b) Differentiate between Euchromatin and Heterochromatin
Short Answer TypeA. Name the enzyme that catalyses the transcription of hnRNA.
B. Why does the hnRNA need to undergo changes ? List the changes hnRNA undergoes and where in the cell such changes take place.
A. hnRNA is designated as heterogeneous nuclear RNA. Transcription of hnRNA is catalyses by – RNA polymerase II.
B. During primary transcription formation the mRNA contains both coding and non-coding regions called as exons and introns. The sequence is then subjected to splicing (process of removal of introns form primary transcript).
hnRNA then undergo capping and tailing.
Capping is a process where addition of methyl guanosine triphosphate takes place at 5' end of hnRNA, while tailing is done by the addition 200- 300 adenylate residues at 3' end. The final mRNA is then transported outside of nucleus by nuclear pore to the cytoplasm for translation.
Unambiguous, universal and degenerate are some of the terms used for the genetic code. Explain the salient features of each one of them.
A number of passengers were severely burnt beyond recognition during a train accident. Name and describe a modern technique that can help hand over the dead to their relatives.
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