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61. Define mutation. Illustrate the types of mutation that can arise by change in chromosome structure.

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62.

Name the types of chromosomal disorders .

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63. What is aneuploidy ? Give an example.

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64.

What is point mutation? Give one example.

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65. What are mutagens.

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Chromosomal Disorders in human are-

(i) Klinefelter’s syndrome. Additional copy of X chromosome resulting into the condition of XXY in males.

(ii) Down’s syndrome. Trisomy of chromosome No. 21 .

(iii) Turner's syndrome - Absence of an one chromosome resulting into XO condition in females

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67. Mention any two autosomal genetic disorders with their symptoms.

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68. What is the significance of pedigree analysis ?

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69. Pedigree charts are helpful in studying human genetics. What do the following conventionally represent in such charts :

(i) square (ii) circle (iii) solid circle or square (iv) open circle or square ?

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70.

Explain how a test cross can be conducted to distinguish between a homozygous and heterozygous dominant genotype.

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