Long Answer Type(a) Define the following terms:
(i) Ideal solution
(ii) Azeotrope
(iii) Osmotic pressure
(b) A solution of glucose (C6H12O6) in water is labeled as 10% by weight. What would be the molality of the solution?
(Molar mass of glucose = 180 g mol-1)
(a) Give reasons for the following:
(i) Mn3+ is a good oxidising agent.
(ii) 
Values are not regular for first row transition metals (3d series).
(iii) Although ‘F’ is more electronegative than ‘O’, the highest Mn fluoride is MnF4, whereas the highest oxide is Mn2O7.
(b) Complete the following equations:
(a) Why do transition elements show variable oxidation states?
(i) Name the element showing the maximum number of oxidation states among the first series of transition metals from Sc (Z = 21) to Zn (Z = 30).
(ii) Name the element which shows only +3 oxidation state.
(b) What is lanthanoid contraction? Name an important alloy which contains some of the lanthanoid metals.
(a) How will you convert the following?
(i) Propanone to Propan-2-ol
(ii) Ethanal to 2-hydroxy propanoic acid
(iii) Toluene to benzoic acid
(b) Give simple chemical test to distinguish between:
(i) Pentan-2-one and Pentan-3-one
(ii) Ethanal and Propanal
(a)
(i) Propanone to Propan-2-ol
(ii) Ethanal to 2-Hydroxypropanoic acid
(iii) Toluene to benzoic acid.
(b)
(i) Pentan-2-one and Pentan-3-one
By Iodoform Test
Pentan-2-one being a methyl ketone when treated with NaOI (I2/NaOH) gives yellow precipitate of iodoform but pentan-3-one does not.
(ii) Ethanal and Propanal
By Iodoform test
Ethanal containing group CH3-C=O linked to H, reacts with I2/NaOH (or NaOI) to give yellow precipitate of iodoform but propanal does not contain group CH3-C=O linked to H or C and hence does not react with I2/NaOH to give yellow precipitate.
(a) Write the products of the following reactions:
(b) Which acid of each pair shown here would you expect to be stronger?
(i) F — CH2 —COOH or Cl — CH2 — COOH
(ii) 
Switch
