Short Answer TypeStudy the cartoon given below carefully and answer the questions that follow:
(i) Identify and name the person who is holding the balancing beam between the public sector and the private sector.
(ii) Why has a big tilt towards the public sector been shown in the cartoon?
(iii) How did the over-emphasis on public sector adversely affect the Indian economy ?
Long Answer TypeIn what three ways did the collapse of the Soviet Union affect the world politics ? Explain.
Mention the six principal organs of the United Nations and describe the function of any two of them.
Describe the security challenges faced by the newly independent countries of Asia and Africa after the Second World War.
Highlight the circumstances which gave birth to the idea of New International Economic Order (NIEO). Explain any two factors that weakened this initiative.
Do you agree with the statement that “the foreign policy of independent India has pursued the dream of a peaceful world” ? Support your answer with any three suitable arguments.
Give any three suitable arguments in favour of “India being a staunch supporter of the decolonization process and in firm opposition to racialism”.
Highlight the acts of dissent and resistance to the Emergency imposed in 1975. In your opinion, how did these acts affect the public opinion ?
Acts of dissent and resistance to the Emergency imposed in 1975:-
(i) Many political workers who were not arrested in the first wave, went ‘underground’ and organised protests against the government.
(ii) Newspapers like the Indian Express and the Statesman protested against censorship by leaving blank spaces where news items had been censored. Magazines like the Seminar and the Mainstream chose to close down rather than submit to censorship.
(iii)Many journalists were arrested for writing against the Emergency. Many
underground newsletters and leaflets were published to bypass censorship.
(iv)Kannada writer Shivarama Karanth, awarded with Padma Bhushan, and Hindi writer Fanishwarnath Renu, awarded with Padma Shri, returned their awards in protest against the suspension of democracy.
(v) The Parliament also brought in many new changes to the Constitution. In the background of the ruling of the Allahabad High Court in the Indira Gandhi case, an amendment was made declaring that elections of Prime Minister, President and Vice-President could not be challenged in the Court.
Effects:-
(i) After the declaration of Emergency, the urban middle classes were generally happy over the fact that agitations came to an end and discipline was enforced on the government employees.
(ii) The poor and rural people also expected effective implementation of the welfare programmes that the government was promising.
Thus, different sections of society had different expectations from the emergency and also different viewpoints about it.
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