(a) Name the selectable markers in the cloning vector pBR322 ? Mention the role they play.

(b) Why is the coding sequence of an enzyme -galactosidase a preferred selectable marker in comparison to the ones named above ?

Sugggest a technique to a researcher who needs to separate fragments of DNA.

Suggest and describe a technique to obtain multiple copies of a gene of interest in vitro.

 Write the full form of VNTR. How is VNTR different from “Probe‟?

Name the type of bioreactor shown. Write the purpose for which it is used:

A. Describe the characteristics a cloning vector must possess.

B. Why DNA cannot pass through the cell membrane? Explain. How is a bacterial cell made competent to take up recombinant DNA from the medium?

If a desired gene is identified in an organism for some experiments, explain the process of the following:

(i) Cutting this desired gene at specific location

(ii) Synthesis of multiple copies of this desired gene

90.

State the fate of a pair of autosomes during gamete formation.