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Biotechnology : Principles and Processes

Long Answer Type

41.

What are bioreactors?. What is the utility? Draw the digram of the two types of bioreactors

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42. Describe briefly the following :

(a) Origin of replication (b) Bioreactor (c) Downstream processing

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Short Answer Type

43. Besides better aeration and mixing properties, what other advantages do stirred tank bioreactors have over shake flasks ?

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Long Answer Type

44. Explain briefly the following

(a) PCR (b) Restriction enzymes and DNA

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Short Answer Type

45. Discuss with your teacher and find out how to distinguish between

(a) Plasmid DNA and chromosomal DNA
(b)Exonuclease and endonuclease.

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46. Can you list 10 recombinant proteins which are used in medical practice ? Find where they are used as therapeutics (use the internet).

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47.

Collect 5 examples of palindromic DNA sequences by consulting your teacher. Better try to create a palindromic sequence by following base-pair rules.

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48. Name the technique used for separation of DNA fragments. What is its principle ? How are they observed ?

The technique used for separation of DNA fgragments is called gel electrophoresis.

The technique is based on the principle that - when a charged molecule is placed in an electric field they move towards the positive or negative side according to their charge.
When electric field is applied the DNA fragments being negatively charged, move through the gel towards anode and gets seperated.

The DNA fragments are stained with a compound known as ethidium bromide and they are then exposed to UV-radiation. the DNA can be observed as Bright orange coloured bands .

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49.

What are molecular scissors. Explain their role.
Or
How does restriction endonuclease work ?

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Long Answer Type

50. How is DNA isolated in purified form ?

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