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Biotechnology : Principles and Processes

Long Answer Type

41.

What are bioreactors?. What is the utility? Draw the digram of the two types of bioreactors

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42. Describe briefly the following :

(a) Origin of replication (b) Bioreactor (c) Downstream processing

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Short Answer Type

43. Besides better aeration and mixing properties, what other advantages do stirred tank bioreactors have over shake flasks ?

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Long Answer Type

44. Explain briefly the following

(a) PCR (b) Restriction enzymes and DNA

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Short Answer Type

45. Discuss with your teacher and find out how to distinguish between

(a) Plasmid DNA and chromosomal DNA
(b)Exonuclease and endonuclease.

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46. Can you list 10 recombinant proteins which are used in medical practice ? Find where they are used as therapeutics (use the internet).

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47.

Collect 5 examples of palindromic DNA sequences by consulting your teacher. Better try to create a palindromic sequence by following base-pair rules.

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48. Name the technique used for separation of DNA fragments. What is its principle ? How are they observed ?

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49.

What are molecular scissors. Explain their role.
Or
How does restriction endonuclease work ?

Restriction endonuclease enzymes are called molecular scissors which cut double stranded DNA at specific sites called as recognition sites.

Restriction endonuclease provide protection to bacteria against bacteriophages. They are used in genetic engineering as they cut DNA at specific sequence and form recombinant molecules.

Mechanism of their work
Restriction endonucleases inspect the length of DNA sequence and find specific recognition sequence i.e. Palindromic nucleotide sequence in DNA. These enzymes cut the double stranded DNA a little away from centre of these sites but between the same two bases and leave overhanging stretches called sticky ends on each strand.

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